#Export cross references bibleworks 10 windows#
The bottom line is that BW is still a native Windows application. James moves to 5th place after Ephesians and 2 Timothy. In this case, 1 Peter has the highest concentration of imperatives (2 finite verb forms) 1 Timothy comes in second (243 imperatives per 1000 finite verb forms) Titus ranks third (230 imperatives per 1000 finite verb forms). However, if one excludes non-finite verbals forms, which may be the most accurate comparison, then the picture changes significantly. In this case, James remains the winner: for every 1000 verbal forms in each book of the NT, James uses roughly 153 imperatives. But more accurate comparisons can be made by narrowing the scope to just verbal forms. In fact, even if you normalize the counts so that what is compared is imperatives per 1000 words, James still has the highest concentration of imperatives. If one compares the average number of imperatives in each book (imperatives per words in single book), then Varner is correct in saying that James has the highest ratio of imperatives per words. 50):Īs the chart illustrates, it is important to pay attention to what you're actually comparing. Varner's results are as follows (from Book of James, p. BW10 can help us to get the frequency counts we need to normalize so we can make more accurate comparisons. According to principles of corpus linguistics, he should have normalized ("normed") the frequency counts (see now Biber, Conrad, and Reppen, Corpus Linguistics) before comparing. In my opinion, he ends up comparing apples to oranges rather than apples to apples, as the saying goes, so his results are skewed. But this begs the methodological question of what he's actually comparing when he does this. To calculate this, Varner simply counts the number of imperatives in each book of the NT and then divides that by the total number of words used in that book. In that book, Varner claims that James has a "higher ratio of imperatives to total words" than any other book in the New Testament. For example, I'm currently (as of this post) co-editing a book on linguistics studies in the epistle of James, and one contributor to the book cites William Varner's The Book of James: A New Perspective. BW10 makes it easy for me to do a variety of corpus analyses.